LauraLein,MakingEndsMeet:HowSingleMothersSurviveWelfareandLow-WageWork(NewYork:RussellSageFoundation,1997)。
2.2013年,密尔沃基约有3900户家庭以公共住房为家,5800人左右领取租房补贴券,而全市租房家庭共约105000户。参见GeorgiaPabst,“WaitingListsSoarforPublicHousing,RentAssistance,”MilwaukeeJournalSentinel,August10,2013。
3.AdrianneTodman,“PublicHousingDidNotFailandtheRoleItMustPlayinInterruptingPoverty,”HarvardUniversity,InequalityandSocialPolicySeminar,March24,2014.
4.对最底层者而言,雪上加霜是在联邦租房补贴存有破洞同时,以就业为基础社会安全网出现。这网络旨在通过推行“劳动所得税扣抵”(EarnedIncomeTaxCredit)或“为低收入家庭保留公共住房”来为有工作家庭提供援助。它所带来结果是:相比二十年前,如今刚好在贫穷线上下家庭会接受到较多资助,远低于贫穷线水平家庭拿到补助则远不及二十年前。对于身陷贫穷家庭来说,自身收入跟z.府租房补贴都较以往大打折扣。关于家庭支出模式,详见JanetCurrie,TheInvisibleSafetyNet:ProtectingtheNation’sPoorChildrenandFamilies(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,2008);RobertMoffitt,“TheDeservingPoor,theFamilyandtheUSWelfareSystem,”Demography52(2015):729-49。关于租房补贴与需求之间落差,参见DaniloPelletiere,MichelleCanizio,MorganHargrave,andSheilaCrowley,HousingAssistanceforLowIncomeHouseholds:StatesDoNotFilltheGap(Washington,DC:NationalLowIncomeHousingCoalition,2008);DouglasRiceandBarbaraSar,DecadeofNegle
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